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Hill climbing algorithm: a practical optimisation tutorial

Hill climbing is one of the oldest and most direct techniques in the optimisation toolbox. It searches for the best answer to a problem by repeatedly nudging a…

Solving the Longest Common Subsequence with Dynamic Programming

When two strings share a hidden pattern, finding it by hand feels like detective work. The longest common subsequence problem turns that intuition into a…

Understanding the Expectation-Maximization Algorithm for Clustering

Many machine learning practitioners in Sydney and Melbourne start their clustering journey with k-means, only to discover that real-world datasets rarely…

Building a Binary Heap from Scratch to Power Heapsort in Python

Heapsort sits in a peculiar corner of the sorting algorithm zoo. It does not get the celebrity status of quicksort, nor the elegance of mergesort, yet it…

A practical guide to the Cocke-Younger-Kasami parsing algorithm

The Cocke-Younger-Kasami algorithm, often shortened to CYK, is one of the classical solutions to a fundamental problem in computer science: deciding whether a…

Pydantic Data Validation in Python

When you build a Python service that ingests records from an API, a spreadsheet, or a Kafka topic, one quiet mistake can poison an entire dataset. A string…

Understanding the Random Forest Algorithm for Ensemble Learning

Random forest stands as one of the most versatile supervised learning techniques in modern data science. Built upon the principle of combining many weak…

Building a circular buffer in C for real-time data streams

A circular buffer, sometimes called a ring buffer or cyclic queue, is a fixed-size data structure that treats memory as if the last position loops back to the…

A Tutorial on Breadth-First Search for Graph Traversal

Graphs are the quiet backbone of modern computing. Whether modelling the friendships on a Sydney-based social platform, the fibre routes of the National…

How to Make SQL Queries Fly with Indexes and Execution Plans

SQL is the silent workhorse behind most of Australia's digital infrastructure. Whether it is the Australian Taxation Office processing millions of lodgements…